Ingredient notes

These humectants help attract and hold water within the skin's outer layers. They appear in many serums and moisturisers, often alongside ingredients that help reduce moisture loss.

A hydrating serum is optional, not a replacement for moisturiser. If your skin feels dry after using one, consider the whole routine rather than adding more layers automatically.

Ceramides are lipids naturally found in the skin barrier. Moisturisers may combine them with other lipids and emollients to help soften skin and support moisture retention.

Texture is personal. A rich cream isn't inherently better than a light lotion; choose something comfortable enough to use regularly.

Niacinamide, a form of vitamin B3, is used in products intended to support the skin barrier and improve the appearance of uneven tone. How well a formula works depends on more than its headline ingredient.

Higher percentages are not automatically better. If a product stings or irritates, stop using it rather than assuming discomfort means it is working.

Alpha hydroxy acids, such as glycolic and lactic acid, and beta hydroxy acids, such as salicylic acid, are used in exfoliating formulas. They are not essentials for every routine.

Follow product directions, introduce cautiously and avoid stacking several exfoliants. Overuse can leave skin irritated. Consistent sun protection is especially important when using products that increase sun sensitivity.

Fragrance-free does not guarantee a product will suit every sensitive skin, and 'natural' does not mean irritation-free. Check the full ingredient list if you have a known allergy.

Claims such as 'clean', 'detox' and 'chemical-free' are not reliable shortcuts for choosing skincare. Focus on a product's purpose, directions and how your own skin responds.